The Study Questions below are intended as a study tool. Write short answers to them using your lecture notes and textbook as references. After you have worked on them alone for awhile, I strongly recommend that you meet with other students in a study group to discuss the Study Questions and your answers. You may also raise these Study Questions in lecture and during meetings with me. Exam questions will be based on the correct and complete answers to the Study Questions.

1. What is an acid? What is a base? How can each of these be affected by a buffer?

2. What are some familiar lipids that you would find in your kitchen? What is the difference between membrane lipids and triglycerides?

3. What are the elements of Cell Theory?

4. Briefly describe the following:

cytosol

chloroplast

mitochondrion

thylakoid membrane

mitochondrial inner membrane

ATP synthase

chloroplast stroma

thylakoid lumen

NADPH

5. What is the biosphere? What is the importance of photosynthesis to energy flow through the biosphere?

6. What is the current and possible future significance of photosynthesis to human uses of energy in industry, transportation, etc.?

7. Draw a picture of a chloroplast in cross section. Label the following:

Chloroplast envelope

Thylakoid membranes

stroma

thylakoid lumen

chloroplast proteins

ATP synthase

8. We divided photosynthesis into three steps. What are they? What are the important events in each?

9. We said the water is "burned" at the beginning of photosynthesis. What does this mean?

10. How does photosynthetic electron transport produce ATP? How does it produce NADPH? What are these compounds used for?

11. When you breathe, your body takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Where does the carbon dioxide come from? Where does the oxygen go and what is it needed for?

12. What is the role of NADH in respiratory electron transport? Where does it come from? What is the role of oxygen in respiratory electron transport? Where does it come from?

13. How does electron transport between membrane proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane convert ADP to ATP? How is ATP converted back into ADP?

14. You have just drowned. What killed you? Alternatively, you have just been killed by hydrogen cyanide gas. What killed you in this case?

15. What causes you to get hot when you exercise?

16. Oxygen is necessary for aerobic organisms like yourself but oxygen can also contributes to aging. How?

17. How are sugars, starches, fats, and proteins used by cells of your brain, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues after a large meal?

18. How do cells of the following organs or tissues contribute to maintaining glucose levels in the blood between meals.

liver

muscle

brain

adipose

pancreas

19 More vocabulary. Be prepared to give a definition of the following:

fat

glycogen

amino acid

protein

hormone

insulin

glucagon

homeostasis

20. How do cells in your muscle, fat and liver tissue know that there is insulin or glucagon in your blood? How do they respond to the insulin or glucagon signals from the pancreas.

21. What is diabetes? How can it affect levels of insulin and glucose in the blood?

22. What are the three types of diabetes that we discussed? How are they similar? How are they different?

23. Vocabulary. Be prepared to give a definition or recognize a picture of of the following:

muscle fiber

myofibril

sarcoplasmic reticulum

actin in a myofibril

myosin in a myofibril

24. What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

25. When muscles are working, what are they using ATP for?

26. Compare and contrast active transport of ions across a cell membrane with selective diffusion of ions across a cell membrane. Give an example of each from muscle contraction.

27. When someone dies, their muscles become rigid for a time and then later relax. Explain this in terms of ATP use by muscle cells.

28. Photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport concentrate H+ into the thylakoid lumen and mitochondrial inter-membrane spaces respectively. What makes those H+ want to escape those spaces again? How is theri escape used to make ATP?

29. Draw a picture of a mitochondrion showing the following:

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

intermembrane space

matrix

site of the Krebs cycle

site of respiratory electron transport

site of ATP synthesis

30. Where in cells does glycolysis occur? What does it accomplish for the process of cell respiration?

31. What are the parts of the digestive system?

32. To the extent that we discussed it in lecture, how do pathogenic bacteria attack your body differently than pathogenic viruses?

33. More vocabulary. Be prepared to give a definition of the following. The definition should include function:

phagocyte

neutrophil

histamine

inflammation

pyrogen

lymphocytes

antibodies

complement proteins

MHC proteins

34. Outline the sequence of events in a non-specific immune response.

35. How do natural killer cells know to attack your cells if they are infected with a virus or ar cancerous?

36. How might a fever be helpful in fighting an infection?

37. More vocabulary. Be prepared to give a definition of the following. The definition should include function:

antigen

antigen-presenting cell

T-receptor

B-receptor

antibody

38. How does our immune system know to destroy cancer cells or virus-infected cells when they are your own cells?