The American Association on Mental Retardation (http://www.aamr.org/) emphasizes the importance that culture and environment play in properly identifying the conditions in which a person is characterized as having mental retardation. The organization states that “mental retardation is a disability only as a result of the interaction between limitations in capability (intelligence and adaptive skill) and the demands of the environment.”

Mental retardation refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. It is characterized by significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, social skills, community use, self-directions, health and safety, functional academics, leisure and work. Mental retardation manifests before age 18.

1. Valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic diversity, as well as differences in communication and behavioral factors.
2. The limitations in adaptive skills occur within the context of community environments typical of the individual's age peers and indicate the need for individualized supports.
3. Specific adaptive limitations often coexist with strengths in other adaptive skills or other personal capabilities.
4. With appropriate supports over a sustained period, the adaptive behavior of a person with mental retardation will generally improve.

Source: American Association On Mental Retardation. (1992). Mental Retardation: Definition

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