The objective of this chapter is to consider the reproductive anatomy, endocrinology, and cyclic ovarian events of the nonpregnant female. The female reproductive tract is composed of two ovaries, an affiliated internal tract (oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina), and external genitalia or vulva (clitoris, labia minora and majora); these structures have evolved for ovulation, mating, gamete transport, fertilization, and pregnancy.